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Alcohol consumption in Russia stays among the highest in the world. According to the WHO 2011 report, annual per capita consumption was about 15.76 litres, fourth highest volume in Europe.〔()〕 Another dangerous trait of Russian alcohol consumption pattern was high volume of spirits compared to other consumed alcohol drinks. Russia currently implements a variety of anti-alcoholism measures (banning spirits and beer trade at night, raising taxes, and other). According to medicine officials, these policies result in a considerable fall of alcohol consumption volumes, to 13.5 litres by 2013, and wine and beer taking over spirits as the main source of consumed alcohol〔.()〕 These levels are more comparable with European Union averages. Alcohol producers claim falling legal drinks consumption is accompanied by growth of sales of illegally produced drinks.〔()〕 High volumes of alcohol consumption have serious negative effects on Russia's social fabric and in its political, economic and public health ramifications. Alcoholism has been a problem throughout the country's history because drinking is a pervasive, socially acceptable behaviour in Russian society.〔See, e.g., Korotayev A., Khaltourina D. (Russian Demographic Crisis in Cross-National Perspective. ''Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change'' ). Ed. by D. W. Blum. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. P. 37-78; Khaltourina, D. A., & Korotayev, A. V. ('Potential for alcohol policy to decrease the mortality crisis in Russia', Evaluation & the Health Professions, vol. 31, no. 3, Sep 2008. pp. 272–281 ).〕 It has also been a major source of government revenue for centuries. It has repeatedly been targeted as a major national problem, with mixed results. ==History== Legend holds that the tenth-century Russian prince Vladimir the Great rejected Islam as a state religion for the country because of its prohibition of alcohol.〔Primary Chronicle, year 6494 (986)〕 Historically, it has been tolerated or even encouraged as a source of revenue. In the 1540s, Ivan IV began setting up kabaks (''кабак'') or taverns in his major cities to help fill his coffers;〔 a third of Russian men were in debt to the kabaks by 1648.〔 By 1860, vodka, the national drink, was the source of 40% of the government's revenue.〔 At the beginning of World War I, prohibition was introduced in the Russian Empire, limiting the sale of hard liquor to restaurants. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alcohol consumption in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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